Notes

Page 101 
- Caesar apperared in the senate house, unarmed and unguarded, according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers 
- Caesar's murder did not restore the republic; instead, his death produced yet another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war
-The main contenders were Mark Antony, once a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leadinf assassins, Brutus and Cassuis; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar
-Mark and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar, and each managed to attract some of caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against eachother in Italy
- The triumvirs declared that they intended to "restore the Republic", but they also had the Senate proclaim Julius Caesar a "Divine Being"- not quite a god like Jupiter, but far above any ordinary mortal 
-The partners then divided the Roman world Octavian in rome, Lepidus in North africa, and mark in Alexndria 
-Antony was one of the last descendants  to the Greeks for his love affair with Cleopatra 
- Finally in 31 B.C. the rulers of the 2 halves of rome went to war, Octavians forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra in a decisive naval battle near Actium off the Western Coast of Greece 
- Antony and Cleopatra commited Suicide 
- Octavian was now the supreme warlord- the 3rd to rule rome, and the one who finally managed to turn military dictatorship into legitimate and permanent monarchy 
Page 103
-Augustus's new system of government kept many features of the Roman Republic, allowed subject peoples a good deal of self-rule, and brought Rome's destabilizing to a halt 
-·        Rome

·       literature and art

·       philosophy and law

·        architecture and engineering 

Page 104-107 

- Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus, The name under which he has gone down in history 

- NOw that he was supreme ruler, Augustus intended to stay in power, reconstruct the failed government of the Roman City state, and keep its empire together 

- Princeps- 'First citizen" a traditional Roman nam efor prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the republic that came to be used by Augustus and other early emperors 

- By arrangement with The Senate in 27 B.C. Augusts was confirmed as commander in chief if the armed forces, which included civil and military control off all provinces with garrisons  

-He did not bring back the "mixed" government that had once been the source if its stability and vitality 

- Augusts was not the first powerful Roman to be worshiped in this way, But this time the pracitce spread well beyond Anatolia 

- He also acquired the title of Father of the Fatherland

-Said on his death bed that he thought he was turning into a god

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·        brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·       brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       avoided breaking with tradition

·       showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities

reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·       brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       avoided breaking with tradition

·       showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities

·       reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers 

·       gradually brought that all soldiers were volunteers

·       This caused Augustus and his successors to break with the Roman Tradition of citizen soldiers to create the world's 1st professional army 

·        Praetorian Guard 

- Augustus wanted his successor to come from his family  - Augustus had no sons so he chose Tiberius  - Augustus adopted Tiberius to give him hereditary standings - Augustus dies in 14 A.D. - Tiberius took over without a challenge - Caesars last decedent was Nero - Nero was overthrown after a tyrannical reign  - No one thought to restore the government to a Republic    Tiberius took over without a challenge - Caesars last decedent was Nero - Nero was overthrown after a tyrannical reign  - No one thought to restore the government to a Republic  Caeser - The imperial title given to the designated successor of a reigning emperor.  Augusts- The imperial title given to reiging emperor  Roman Peace- A term used to refer to the relative stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries