Today in West Civ class it was our last class. We went over our test and Mr.Schick gave us 3 extra points cause all our grades were terrible on the test so he felt bad for us. It was our last day with Mr.Schick and i had a fun year with him. I had him the whole year unlike others who did not. I really liked him and had a fun time with him. We had some good memories together like when he broke his speakers. That was a great time. I will miss him next year cause he was really fun and i hope i get a fun teacher next year and have a good year with him or her.

Today in west civ class we took the test. I thought i got a 30% on it. But, i actually got an 73 which was higher than our class average at 68%. I really should've taken it more seriously and studied harder. And we turned our textbooks in. I will do well on my final (i hope)

Today in west civ class Phil and Matt taught the class. They did a good job and i feel like i will pass because of them. Hopefully i do

Today in West Civ class we had a chill day. We finished our powerpoint. But we re went over it for Jazz and Phil. Also we found out our test is on Wednesday

Germanic kingdoms unite under Charlemagne
Middle ages= medieval period
476- 1453 AD
medieval europe is fragmented
this is a new society
this new society has roots in
- classic heritage of rome
- beliefs of the ORman Catholic Chruch
- customs of various Germanic tribes
5th century Germanic invaders
-overrun the western half of the roman empire
causing
- disruption of trade
- downfall of cities
- population shifts to rural areas
Germanic kingdoms emerge: AD 400-600
Germanic warriors' loyality is to the lord of the manor he provides them with food, weapons, treasure
results: no orderly governmant for large areas
-small communities rule
church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
this is theocracy
Hammer defeats a muslim raiding party from spain at the Battle of Tours in 732

Notes

A european empire envolves 
1. Franks conrtol largest European kingdom 
a. the roman province formerly known as gaul 
b. ruled by clovis- the Merovingian dynasty 
2. major domo- mayor the palace- ruled the kingdom 
3. charles martel- charles the hammer 
a. extended the Franks' reign to the north, south, and east 
b. defeated a Muslim army from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732- historic battle
4. Charles the hammer's son- 
a. possibly named for his unusual short haircut 
b. working for and with the Pope. Pepin fought the Lombards 
c. Pope Stephen II named Pepin "king by the grace of God"- beginning the Carolingian Dynasty 751-987 AD
d. Pepin the Short had two sons: Carolman and Charles 
e. Carolman died, leaving Charles power 
E. Charlemagne- aka Charles the Great 
-  six foot four 
- built the greatest empire since rome 
- fought the muslim in Spain 
- fought germanic tribes 
- spread christianity 
- reunited western europe 
- became the most powerful king in western europe 
- Prince Leo III crowned him emperor in 800 AD after he defended him from unruly Roman mob 
- this singnaled the joining of germanic power, the church, and ther heritage of the roman empire
2. Charlemagne takes center stage 
His government
- he limited the authority of the nobles 
- he regularly visted every part of his kingdom 
- kept close watch on his huge estates 
3. cultural revival 
- encouraged learning 
- ordered monasteries to open schools 
- opened a palace school 
4. but his heirs were weenies 
- his son - Louis the Pious was ineffective 
- Louis three sons- Lothair, charkes the bald, and louis the german- split up the kingdom at the treaty of verdun in 843 AD 

NOTES

Germanic kingdoma unite under charlemagne
Main Idea
- Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the roman empire were reunited under Char,emagne's empire
- Charlemagen spread christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us came from
-Setting the stage
- Middle ages= medieval period
500-1500 AD
- Midieval Europe is fragmented
- Invasions trigger changes in Western Europe
- INvasions and constant warfare sparkk new trends
Disruption of trade
- europes cities are no longer enonomic centers
-MOney is scarce
Downfall in cities
- Cities are no longer centers of administration
population shifts
- nobles retreat to the rural areas
- Cities dont have strong leadership
2. Decline of learining
- Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition
- ONly priests and chruch officals knew how to read
- KNowledge of Greek (and Literature, science, philosophy) is almost over
3. Loss of a common language
- Dialects develope in different regions
- By the 800's, French, Spain, and other Roman- based languages are evovling from Latin
Germain kingdoms emerge
- the concept of government changes
- roman society: loyality to public goverment
- Germanic Society: loyal to family
- Germanic chief led warriors
- During peace, he provided food, weapons treasure, and a place to live (lords hall)
- "The King? whos that? you want to collect taxes from me? who are you?"
- Franks live in the roman province of Gaul- their leader is Clovis
2. The franks under clovis
- Another battlefield conversion ( just like Constantine)
- Clovis and 3,000 if his warriors are baptized by the bishop
the church in rome approves of the "alliance"
-Clovis and the church begin to work together
A simple mathematical equation: Clovis military expertise+ The church's support and money
= A strategic alliance between two powerful forces!
Germainc people adopt Christianity
- Pope Gregory 1 epands papal power
- Papace= popes office
- Secular power= worldy power
- So.. under Gregory the Great
- The church can use church money to:
- Raise armies
- Repair rodes
Help the poor
- Gregory the Great began to act as a mayor of Riome and as head of an earthly kingdom (Christendom)
Germanic peoples adopt Christianity
1. 511 AD- Clovis unites Franks into one kingdom
2. 600 AD- Church+ frankish rulers convert many
3. Fear of muslims in southern europe spur money to become christians
4. Monasteries and covents
a. 520 AD- Benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries
- Povery, chasity, obedience, study
-His sister Scholastica did the same for nuns in covents
c. 731 AD- the venerable Bede wrote a killer history of England
d. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books ( Bibles, Greek texts)

Feudalism- A poltical, military and economic system based on land-holding and protective a..iances 
In other words: the system is based on personal loyalty to people who can help you
- Rich dude( Lord) : "i own land;i need people to help me work it and defend it 
- Tough dudes (Vassals)" There are a lot of us, we can help the rich dudes hold on to their land" Known as serf 
The feudal pyramid 
-King 
-Vassals 
(Nobles and Bishops) 
- Knights- mounted warriors who recieved fiefs for defending their lords land 
- Peasants (mostly serfs) Landless, powerless, moneyless,rights-less just working the land for the "man" (their lord)
Manor: the lord's estate 
- The lord's manor house 
- A church 
- Some workshops 
- 15 - 30 families 
- All on a few square miles 
Good news: It's a self-sufficient community 
Bad News: It's harsh if you're a paesant 
Peasants are poor and pay high taxes 
- Tax on grain and marriage 
- Church tax (tithe= 10% of their income) 
- they live in crowded cottages 
- live with animals and insects 
- Eat very simply 
- but dont worry- the church says this is your lot in life 
- God determines your place in society- so chill

Today in West Civ class we had a chill day. We are ahead so Mr.Schick just let us do other homework. We also got our test back. I didn't do so well even though i studied hard. I will do better on the next one.

Today in west civ class we took the test. I think i did very well on it atleast an A. Im prepared for my result. then we took notes
page 151
-the two centuries after the fall of Rome were a time of turmoil in europe that would continue for 500 years- half a millennium that counts as the "early" part of the Middle Ages. As with the upheaval of the early middle ages ended not in a collapse of civilization but in its renewal, and the first two early medieval centuries set the patterns fro how this renewal would later take place in western and eastern europe.
- IN the germanic kingdoms that had taken over the western half of the Roman Empire, Roman institutions gradually stopped working, cities ceased to be centers of trade and social life, and warfare became more importanmt than education and culture in the lives of the upper-class
-By 700, the emperors in the eastern capitial, Constantinople, ruled only Anatolia and a few patches of land in Europe, and their state had become more Greek than Roman, to mark the difference, the remaining empire is today usually called by its capital's original Greek name Byzantium
- Byzantium was still a powerful state and a center of Christianity and Greek culture
Started to speak greek instead of Latin
Referred to as the dark ages  
Chronology
5th century- Angles ans saxons invade Britian
486- Clovis leads Frankish confederacy against Romans and rival germanic invaders in Gaul
527-565- Reign of Emperor Justinian in the Eastern empire
542- Plague hits Egypt, then spreads throughout the Mediterranean area and much of western Europe
568- Lombards conquer most of northern Italy
570-632- Life of Muhammad
595- Missionaries sent by the people begin to convert the pagans of England
711- Muslim invasion of Spain
800- Slaves occupy almost all of eastern Europe
476- End of the Roman Empire
Christendom- Christianity and Kingdom
tithe- give 10% of what you made to the church  

NOTES

today in west civ we looked at a powerpoint.
Two Emperors
- Diocletian
- ruled from 284-303
- Under his rule it was fine to persicute christians
-Rome needs a big army (400,000 strong)
- Rome needs a big government (20,000 officals)
- take the roman word and divide it in half western adn eastern empire
Constantine
- Rules from 306-337
- its cool to BE a christian
-conversion to christianity via a cross in the sky (conquer by this!)
-313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
- built a new capitial in the east
- Byzantium, soon to be known as consranrinople
The struggle of paesants

life in the Fourth Century

• country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection

• new farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms

• peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords

• paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work (such a deal!)

• landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire

• foreshadowing feudalism

The western empire crumbles

Roman power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power 

- Western empire is too poor, begans to neglect 

-Huns migrate from China to eastern europe 

- Visigoths take over spain, and actually capture and loot itself in 410 

- Vandals control carthage and the western mediterrian 

Other Barbian Tribes 

- Ostrogoths in Italy 

-Franks in gaul 

-Angles and Saxons in Britian 

Invasions 

end of an era
- from the beginnings
500 B.C.- the monarchy is abolished
450 B.C. 12 tables are established
Through the glory days
- 44 B.C.- End of the Line for Julius Caesar
-27 B.C.-180 A.D. The Roman Peace (Pax Romana)
To the bitter end
- Constant 5th century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western roman empire shattered and crumbling
-the last emperor was a teenage boy installed by his father in 475
-Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

Notes

Today in West Civ class we went over the test. I did alright but i could've done better. Then we took notes 
The decline of the Roman Empire: 
Rise of Christianity:
- Jesus spends three years preaching, is killed by Roman leaders 
- Jesus' followers believe he is the messiah and savior who has risen from the dead 
- Saul (the persecutor) becomes paul (the evangelist), spreading Jesus' message (one true god, not roman gods) 
- Christianity evolves from cult status to established, offical structure 
- preist, bishops, pope (Bishops of Rome) 
2
- Christians and Jews were monothesitic 
- This conflicted with Roman beliefs 
- Persecution against both was common 
- Christianity appealed to the poor, their numbers grew 
- As it grew, even some Roman leaders embraced Christianity 
3
- Ad 313: Constantine has a battlefield conversion 
- he issues the Edict of Milan- an actual law that said that there is approval of christianity 
- Not only no persecution, but actually approval of Christianity, eventually making it the offical religion of rome 
- the Roman empire and christianity are now linked in power and influence 
Decline of the roman empire 
-AD 180: ROme has problems 
-Economic ( trade became risky; taxes were too high; food supply was dropping)
- Military (frontiers were hard to patrol; ROman generals fought for control; soliders' loyalty declined and mercenaries appeared) 
Diocletian divided the empire into two 
- Greek-speaking East (had more resources)
- Latin speaking West (Rome, tradition) 
2
- Ad 324- Constantine becomes emperor over both halves of the empire 
- Moves the capital from rome to byzantium, renamed constantinople, where asia met europe (now turkey)
- After his death, empire is divided again 
- this time, "barbarian invaders" (huns, vandals, visigoths, angles, saxons, franks) overrun the empire's frontiers 
- that's it for the Roman empire (AD 476)

NOTES

Page 123: Christianity is the greatest single change
Christianity: The new religion began as a group within Judaism at a time of division and uncertainty among the Jews arising out of their encounter with the international civilization of Greece and Rome. In, Two centuries, Christianity developed away from Judaism to establish its own scattered, empire-wide community, The Catholic Chruch, wihch was already well on the way to forming the beliefs and practices that it would keep for centuries to come. From about 200 A.D., they became such a formidable threat that the emperors could hold them off only by building up the army, replacing self-rule by centralized governement, and openly ruling as absolute monarchs- changes that, in the long run failed to hold the empire together, but had lasting results for the future development of the West. The empire was still strong enough to bring about the last and greatest of the changes in civilization that took place under its rule. As long as Rome has prospered, the emperors had taken little notice of Christianity's growth and spread; in the empires time of troubles, they sometimes harshly persecuted it and sometimes deliberately tolerated it. Now, in the course of the empires restructuring, they took Christianity into parternership as the offical and majority religion

TOday in West Civ class we took the test. I thought i did very well on it. I studied hard and i really hope i get a good grade so i can pull my grade up. I can't wait to see what i got.

Caligula was tiberius' adpoted grandson. Tiberus put him in line for next emperor. Started off well. then he fought with the senate, claimed ot be a god. statues of hiimself everywhere even the Jewish temple. He slept with other mens wives and bragged about it, indulged in too much spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest, Assinated by his own aides, AD 41. died at age 28. Next in Line Claudius= most uninsprining person ever. He had disabilities (limp,slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio), he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed
Conquered Britain, he built roads, canals, and aqueducts; he renovated the Circus Maximus. Wife was unfaithful to him and slept with other men.Religion; Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic. Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god. AD 66: a group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but Roman troops put them down and burned their temple. The westrern wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines. HAlf a million Jews died in the rebellion. Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor.

Notes

Page 101 
- Caesar apperared in the senate house, unarmed and unguarded, according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers 
- Caesar's murder did not restore the republic; instead, his death produced yet another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war
-The main contenders were Mark Antony, once a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leadinf assassins, Brutus and Cassuis; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar
-Mark and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar, and each managed to attract some of caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against eachother in Italy
- The triumvirs declared that they intended to "restore the Republic", but they also had the Senate proclaim Julius Caesar a "Divine Being"- not quite a god like Jupiter, but far above any ordinary mortal 
-The partners then divided the Roman world Octavian in rome, Lepidus in North africa, and mark in Alexndria 
-Antony was one of the last descendants  to the Greeks for his love affair with Cleopatra 
- Finally in 31 B.C. the rulers of the 2 halves of rome went to war, Octavians forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra in a decisive naval battle near Actium off the Western Coast of Greece 
- Antony and Cleopatra commited Suicide 
- Octavian was now the supreme warlord- the 3rd to rule rome, and the one who finally managed to turn military dictatorship into legitimate and permanent monarchy 
Page 103
-Augustus's new system of government kept many features of the Roman Republic, allowed subject peoples a good deal of self-rule, and brought Rome's destabilizing to a halt 
-·        Rome

·       literature and art

·       philosophy and law

·        architecture and engineering 

Page 104-107 

- Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus, The name under which he has gone down in history 

- NOw that he was supreme ruler, Augustus intended to stay in power, reconstruct the failed government of the Roman City state, and keep its empire together 

- Princeps- 'First citizen" a traditional Roman nam efor prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the republic that came to be used by Augustus and other early emperors 

- By arrangement with The Senate in 27 B.C. Augusts was confirmed as commander in chief if the armed forces, which included civil and military control off all provinces with garrisons  

-He did not bring back the "mixed" government that had once been the source if its stability and vitality 

- Augusts was not the first powerful Roman to be worshiped in this way, But this time the pracitce spread well beyond Anatolia 

- He also acquired the title of Father of the Fatherland

-Said on his death bed that he thought he was turning into a god

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·        brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·       brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       avoided breaking with tradition

·       showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities

reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·       brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       avoided breaking with tradition

·       showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities

·       reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers 

·       gradually brought that all soldiers were volunteers

·       This caused Augustus and his successors to break with the Roman Tradition of citizen soldiers to create the world's 1st professional army 

·        Praetorian Guard 

- Augustus wanted his successor to come from his family  - Augustus had no sons so he chose Tiberius  - Augustus adopted Tiberius to give him hereditary standings - Augustus dies in 14 A.D. - Tiberius took over without a challenge - Caesars last decedent was Nero - Nero was overthrown after a tyrannical reign  - No one thought to restore the government to a Republic    Tiberius took over without a challenge - Caesars last decedent was Nero - Nero was overthrown after a tyrannical reign  - No one thought to restore the government to a Republic  Caeser - The imperial title given to the designated successor of a reigning emperor.  Augusts- The imperial title given to reiging emperor  Roman Peace- A term used to refer to the relative stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries

Today in West Civ class we continued to wartched the movie on noro. He was a crazy man and no one could stop him. He killed atleast 30 guys in the senate. Also, he kicked his wife to death because she pointed out what he did wrong in the play. Then he went crazy found a guy that looked like his wife had his guys cut off his genitals because he said turn him into a girl. This man needs serious help.