Today in West Civ class it was our last class. We went over our test and Mr.Schick gave us 3 extra points cause all our grades were terrible on the test so he felt bad for us. It was our last day with Mr.Schick and i had a fun year with him. I had him the whole year unlike others who did not. I really liked him and had a fun time with him. We had some good memories together like when he broke his speakers. That was a great time. I will miss him next year cause he was really fun and i hope i get a fun teacher next year and have a good year with him or her.

Today in west civ class we took the test. I thought i got a 30% on it. But, i actually got an 73 which was higher than our class average at 68%. I really should've taken it more seriously and studied harder. And we turned our textbooks in. I will do well on my final (i hope)

Today in west civ class Phil and Matt taught the class. They did a good job and i feel like i will pass because of them. Hopefully i do

Today in West Civ class we had a chill day. We finished our powerpoint. But we re went over it for Jazz and Phil. Also we found out our test is on Wednesday

Germanic kingdoms unite under Charlemagne
Middle ages= medieval period
476- 1453 AD
medieval europe is fragmented
this is a new society
this new society has roots in
- classic heritage of rome
- beliefs of the ORman Catholic Chruch
- customs of various Germanic tribes
5th century Germanic invaders
-overrun the western half of the roman empire
causing
- disruption of trade
- downfall of cities
- population shifts to rural areas
Germanic kingdoms emerge: AD 400-600
Germanic warriors' loyality is to the lord of the manor he provides them with food, weapons, treasure
results: no orderly governmant for large areas
-small communities rule
church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
this is theocracy
Hammer defeats a muslim raiding party from spain at the Battle of Tours in 732

Notes

A european empire envolves 
1. Franks conrtol largest European kingdom 
a. the roman province formerly known as gaul 
b. ruled by clovis- the Merovingian dynasty 
2. major domo- mayor the palace- ruled the kingdom 
3. charles martel- charles the hammer 
a. extended the Franks' reign to the north, south, and east 
b. defeated a Muslim army from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732- historic battle
4. Charles the hammer's son- 
a. possibly named for his unusual short haircut 
b. working for and with the Pope. Pepin fought the Lombards 
c. Pope Stephen II named Pepin "king by the grace of God"- beginning the Carolingian Dynasty 751-987 AD
d. Pepin the Short had two sons: Carolman and Charles 
e. Carolman died, leaving Charles power 
E. Charlemagne- aka Charles the Great 
-  six foot four 
- built the greatest empire since rome 
- fought the muslim in Spain 
- fought germanic tribes 
- spread christianity 
- reunited western europe 
- became the most powerful king in western europe 
- Prince Leo III crowned him emperor in 800 AD after he defended him from unruly Roman mob 
- this singnaled the joining of germanic power, the church, and ther heritage of the roman empire
2. Charlemagne takes center stage 
His government
- he limited the authority of the nobles 
- he regularly visted every part of his kingdom 
- kept close watch on his huge estates 
3. cultural revival 
- encouraged learning 
- ordered monasteries to open schools 
- opened a palace school 
4. but his heirs were weenies 
- his son - Louis the Pious was ineffective 
- Louis three sons- Lothair, charkes the bald, and louis the german- split up the kingdom at the treaty of verdun in 843 AD 

NOTES

Germanic kingdoma unite under charlemagne
Main Idea
- Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the roman empire were reunited under Char,emagne's empire
- Charlemagen spread christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us came from
-Setting the stage
- Middle ages= medieval period
500-1500 AD
- Midieval Europe is fragmented
- Invasions trigger changes in Western Europe
- INvasions and constant warfare sparkk new trends
Disruption of trade
- europes cities are no longer enonomic centers
-MOney is scarce
Downfall in cities
- Cities are no longer centers of administration
population shifts
- nobles retreat to the rural areas
- Cities dont have strong leadership
2. Decline of learining
- Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition
- ONly priests and chruch officals knew how to read
- KNowledge of Greek (and Literature, science, philosophy) is almost over
3. Loss of a common language
- Dialects develope in different regions
- By the 800's, French, Spain, and other Roman- based languages are evovling from Latin
Germain kingdoms emerge
- the concept of government changes
- roman society: loyality to public goverment
- Germanic Society: loyal to family
- Germanic chief led warriors
- During peace, he provided food, weapons treasure, and a place to live (lords hall)
- "The King? whos that? you want to collect taxes from me? who are you?"
- Franks live in the roman province of Gaul- their leader is Clovis
2. The franks under clovis
- Another battlefield conversion ( just like Constantine)
- Clovis and 3,000 if his warriors are baptized by the bishop
the church in rome approves of the "alliance"
-Clovis and the church begin to work together
A simple mathematical equation: Clovis military expertise+ The church's support and money
= A strategic alliance between two powerful forces!
Germainc people adopt Christianity
- Pope Gregory 1 epands papal power
- Papace= popes office
- Secular power= worldy power
- So.. under Gregory the Great
- The church can use church money to:
- Raise armies
- Repair rodes
Help the poor
- Gregory the Great began to act as a mayor of Riome and as head of an earthly kingdom (Christendom)
Germanic peoples adopt Christianity
1. 511 AD- Clovis unites Franks into one kingdom
2. 600 AD- Church+ frankish rulers convert many
3. Fear of muslims in southern europe spur money to become christians
4. Monasteries and covents
a. 520 AD- Benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries
- Povery, chasity, obedience, study
-His sister Scholastica did the same for nuns in covents
c. 731 AD- the venerable Bede wrote a killer history of England
d. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books ( Bibles, Greek texts)

Feudalism- A poltical, military and economic system based on land-holding and protective a..iances 
In other words: the system is based on personal loyalty to people who can help you
- Rich dude( Lord) : "i own land;i need people to help me work it and defend it 
- Tough dudes (Vassals)" There are a lot of us, we can help the rich dudes hold on to their land" Known as serf 
The feudal pyramid 
-King 
-Vassals 
(Nobles and Bishops) 
- Knights- mounted warriors who recieved fiefs for defending their lords land 
- Peasants (mostly serfs) Landless, powerless, moneyless,rights-less just working the land for the "man" (their lord)
Manor: the lord's estate 
- The lord's manor house 
- A church 
- Some workshops 
- 15 - 30 families 
- All on a few square miles 
Good news: It's a self-sufficient community 
Bad News: It's harsh if you're a paesant 
Peasants are poor and pay high taxes 
- Tax on grain and marriage 
- Church tax (tithe= 10% of their income) 
- they live in crowded cottages 
- live with animals and insects 
- Eat very simply 
- but dont worry- the church says this is your lot in life 
- God determines your place in society- so chill

Today in West Civ class we had a chill day. We are ahead so Mr.Schick just let us do other homework. We also got our test back. I didn't do so well even though i studied hard. I will do better on the next one.

Today in west civ class we took the test. I think i did very well on it atleast an A. Im prepared for my result. then we took notes
page 151
-the two centuries after the fall of Rome were a time of turmoil in europe that would continue for 500 years- half a millennium that counts as the "early" part of the Middle Ages. As with the upheaval of the early middle ages ended not in a collapse of civilization but in its renewal, and the first two early medieval centuries set the patterns fro how this renewal would later take place in western and eastern europe.
- IN the germanic kingdoms that had taken over the western half of the Roman Empire, Roman institutions gradually stopped working, cities ceased to be centers of trade and social life, and warfare became more importanmt than education and culture in the lives of the upper-class
-By 700, the emperors in the eastern capitial, Constantinople, ruled only Anatolia and a few patches of land in Europe, and their state had become more Greek than Roman, to mark the difference, the remaining empire is today usually called by its capital's original Greek name Byzantium
- Byzantium was still a powerful state and a center of Christianity and Greek culture
Started to speak greek instead of Latin
Referred to as the dark ages  
Chronology
5th century- Angles ans saxons invade Britian
486- Clovis leads Frankish confederacy against Romans and rival germanic invaders in Gaul
527-565- Reign of Emperor Justinian in the Eastern empire
542- Plague hits Egypt, then spreads throughout the Mediterranean area and much of western Europe
568- Lombards conquer most of northern Italy
570-632- Life of Muhammad
595- Missionaries sent by the people begin to convert the pagans of England
711- Muslim invasion of Spain
800- Slaves occupy almost all of eastern Europe
476- End of the Roman Empire
Christendom- Christianity and Kingdom
tithe- give 10% of what you made to the church  

NOTES

today in west civ we looked at a powerpoint.
Two Emperors
- Diocletian
- ruled from 284-303
- Under his rule it was fine to persicute christians
-Rome needs a big army (400,000 strong)
- Rome needs a big government (20,000 officals)
- take the roman word and divide it in half western adn eastern empire
Constantine
- Rules from 306-337
- its cool to BE a christian
-conversion to christianity via a cross in the sky (conquer by this!)
-313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
- built a new capitial in the east
- Byzantium, soon to be known as consranrinople
The struggle of paesants

life in the Fourth Century

• country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection

• new farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms

• peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords

• paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work (such a deal!)

• landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire

• foreshadowing feudalism

The western empire crumbles

Roman power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power 

- Western empire is too poor, begans to neglect 

-Huns migrate from China to eastern europe 

- Visigoths take over spain, and actually capture and loot itself in 410 

- Vandals control carthage and the western mediterrian 

Other Barbian Tribes 

- Ostrogoths in Italy 

-Franks in gaul 

-Angles and Saxons in Britian 

Invasions 

end of an era
- from the beginnings
500 B.C.- the monarchy is abolished
450 B.C. 12 tables are established
Through the glory days
- 44 B.C.- End of the Line for Julius Caesar
-27 B.C.-180 A.D. The Roman Peace (Pax Romana)
To the bitter end
- Constant 5th century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western roman empire shattered and crumbling
-the last emperor was a teenage boy installed by his father in 475
-Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

Notes

Today in West Civ class we went over the test. I did alright but i could've done better. Then we took notes 
The decline of the Roman Empire: 
Rise of Christianity:
- Jesus spends three years preaching, is killed by Roman leaders 
- Jesus' followers believe he is the messiah and savior who has risen from the dead 
- Saul (the persecutor) becomes paul (the evangelist), spreading Jesus' message (one true god, not roman gods) 
- Christianity evolves from cult status to established, offical structure 
- preist, bishops, pope (Bishops of Rome) 
2
- Christians and Jews were monothesitic 
- This conflicted with Roman beliefs 
- Persecution against both was common 
- Christianity appealed to the poor, their numbers grew 
- As it grew, even some Roman leaders embraced Christianity 
3
- Ad 313: Constantine has a battlefield conversion 
- he issues the Edict of Milan- an actual law that said that there is approval of christianity 
- Not only no persecution, but actually approval of Christianity, eventually making it the offical religion of rome 
- the Roman empire and christianity are now linked in power and influence 
Decline of the roman empire 
-AD 180: ROme has problems 
-Economic ( trade became risky; taxes were too high; food supply was dropping)
- Military (frontiers were hard to patrol; ROman generals fought for control; soliders' loyalty declined and mercenaries appeared) 
Diocletian divided the empire into two 
- Greek-speaking East (had more resources)
- Latin speaking West (Rome, tradition) 
2
- Ad 324- Constantine becomes emperor over both halves of the empire 
- Moves the capital from rome to byzantium, renamed constantinople, where asia met europe (now turkey)
- After his death, empire is divided again 
- this time, "barbarian invaders" (huns, vandals, visigoths, angles, saxons, franks) overrun the empire's frontiers 
- that's it for the Roman empire (AD 476)

NOTES

Page 123: Christianity is the greatest single change
Christianity: The new religion began as a group within Judaism at a time of division and uncertainty among the Jews arising out of their encounter with the international civilization of Greece and Rome. In, Two centuries, Christianity developed away from Judaism to establish its own scattered, empire-wide community, The Catholic Chruch, wihch was already well on the way to forming the beliefs and practices that it would keep for centuries to come. From about 200 A.D., they became such a formidable threat that the emperors could hold them off only by building up the army, replacing self-rule by centralized governement, and openly ruling as absolute monarchs- changes that, in the long run failed to hold the empire together, but had lasting results for the future development of the West. The empire was still strong enough to bring about the last and greatest of the changes in civilization that took place under its rule. As long as Rome has prospered, the emperors had taken little notice of Christianity's growth and spread; in the empires time of troubles, they sometimes harshly persecuted it and sometimes deliberately tolerated it. Now, in the course of the empires restructuring, they took Christianity into parternership as the offical and majority religion

TOday in West Civ class we took the test. I thought i did very well on it. I studied hard and i really hope i get a good grade so i can pull my grade up. I can't wait to see what i got.

Caligula was tiberius' adpoted grandson. Tiberus put him in line for next emperor. Started off well. then he fought with the senate, claimed ot be a god. statues of hiimself everywhere even the Jewish temple. He slept with other mens wives and bragged about it, indulged in too much spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest, Assinated by his own aides, AD 41. died at age 28. Next in Line Claudius= most uninsprining person ever. He had disabilities (limp,slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio), he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed
Conquered Britain, he built roads, canals, and aqueducts; he renovated the Circus Maximus. Wife was unfaithful to him and slept with other men.Religion; Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic. Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god. AD 66: a group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but Roman troops put them down and burned their temple. The westrern wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines. HAlf a million Jews died in the rebellion. Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor.

Notes

Page 101 
- Caesar apperared in the senate house, unarmed and unguarded, according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers 
- Caesar's murder did not restore the republic; instead, his death produced yet another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war
-The main contenders were Mark Antony, once a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leadinf assassins, Brutus and Cassuis; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar
-Mark and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar, and each managed to attract some of caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against eachother in Italy
- The triumvirs declared that they intended to "restore the Republic", but they also had the Senate proclaim Julius Caesar a "Divine Being"- not quite a god like Jupiter, but far above any ordinary mortal 
-The partners then divided the Roman world Octavian in rome, Lepidus in North africa, and mark in Alexndria 
-Antony was one of the last descendants  to the Greeks for his love affair with Cleopatra 
- Finally in 31 B.C. the rulers of the 2 halves of rome went to war, Octavians forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra in a decisive naval battle near Actium off the Western Coast of Greece 
- Antony and Cleopatra commited Suicide 
- Octavian was now the supreme warlord- the 3rd to rule rome, and the one who finally managed to turn military dictatorship into legitimate and permanent monarchy 
Page 103
-Augustus's new system of government kept many features of the Roman Republic, allowed subject peoples a good deal of self-rule, and brought Rome's destabilizing to a halt 
-·        Rome

·       literature and art

·       philosophy and law

·        architecture and engineering 

Page 104-107 

- Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus, The name under which he has gone down in history 

- NOw that he was supreme ruler, Augustus intended to stay in power, reconstruct the failed government of the Roman City state, and keep its empire together 

- Princeps- 'First citizen" a traditional Roman nam efor prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the republic that came to be used by Augustus and other early emperors 

- By arrangement with The Senate in 27 B.C. Augusts was confirmed as commander in chief if the armed forces, which included civil and military control off all provinces with garrisons  

-He did not bring back the "mixed" government that had once been the source if its stability and vitality 

- Augusts was not the first powerful Roman to be worshiped in this way, But this time the pracitce spread well beyond Anatolia 

- He also acquired the title of Father of the Fatherland

-Said on his death bed that he thought he was turning into a god

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·        brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·       brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       avoided breaking with tradition

·       showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities

reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers

·       Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 

·       brought the system of government appointments under his personal control

·       avoided breaking with tradition

·       showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities

·       reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers 

·       gradually brought that all soldiers were volunteers

·       This caused Augustus and his successors to break with the Roman Tradition of citizen soldiers to create the world's 1st professional army 

·        Praetorian Guard 

- Augustus wanted his successor to come from his family  - Augustus had no sons so he chose Tiberius  - Augustus adopted Tiberius to give him hereditary standings - Augustus dies in 14 A.D. - Tiberius took over without a challenge - Caesars last decedent was Nero - Nero was overthrown after a tyrannical reign  - No one thought to restore the government to a Republic    Tiberius took over without a challenge - Caesars last decedent was Nero - Nero was overthrown after a tyrannical reign  - No one thought to restore the government to a Republic  Caeser - The imperial title given to the designated successor of a reigning emperor.  Augusts- The imperial title given to reiging emperor  Roman Peace- A term used to refer to the relative stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries

Today in West Civ class we continued to wartched the movie on noro. He was a crazy man and no one could stop him. He killed atleast 30 guys in the senate. Also, he kicked his wife to death because she pointed out what he did wrong in the play. Then he went crazy found a guy that looked like his wife had his guys cut off his genitals because he said turn him into a girl. This man needs serious help.

Today in West Civ class we watched a Video. The video was about this leader named something with an N. He was a very crazy man but he made Rome beautiful. But he got really crazy and started stealing stuff from the temple so he could afford the marble. He wanted to make a 22 foot statue of him. The senate wanted to kill him but then he found out brought them in and made them tell the truth or they die. Then a guy put salt in another guys eye it was nasty. Then he stabbed 2 guys then the bell rang. It got really intense then it ended.

today in class we took notes. Et tu, Brute was Ceaser last words according to Shakespear. His grand nephew took over named Octavious. Switched from a republic to an empire.Started to change over Julius Ceaser's time. Octavian A.K.A Caesar Augustus The first emperor. Means honorific. Nearly a god to them. Took over at the age of 18. Known as the first emperor. begins this long period called the Pax Romana- a period of peace and prosperitity. Buitl roads, aqueducts (brought water to the citites). Set up civil service to take care of roads, the grain supply, even a postal service. He died at age 76 in A.D. 14, and passes power to Tiberius. Jesus was a roman citizen and a practicing Jew. At 30 he began his ministry (A.D. 31-33), preaching to the poor ( and there were lots of them) in the empire, and reaching out to outsiders. Statements like "My kingdom is not of this world" made the romans (and the jews) nervous, and they began to plan his execution The governor of the Roman province of Judaea, Pontius Pilate (prompted by Jewish high priests), sentences Jesus to death by crucifixion. Paul is the instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life, death, resurrection and message. He travels far and wide: Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain. He writes letters to many of those he spoke to- these epistles are a part of the New Testament. If not for the efforts of Paul, it is likely that Jesus remains an obscure preacher, instead of the central figure of the world's largest religion.

Today in West civ class we watched a show about Cesar and took some notes about it. Gaul 52 BC: a fight has broken out between Gaul's and Romans, Romans used arrows as an weapon and also a sword. The Romans ended up winning the war. But... Caesar wanted to more thats what he told his soliders and then the show ended. It was a very good show but also very violent. Caesar was one of the only leaders that actually fought with his men in the wars. He seemed like a very good leader. From what i watched he was very confident and seemed like a trustworthy leader.

Today in West Civ class we underlined notes. Mr. Schick told us what was important and we underlined it. We underlined a lot of stuff but it was good info. Hopefully when the test comes around for this i will do swell.

Today in West Civ class groups continued to present. We went yesterday and hopefully we did well. the people who went today did well. I really hope we do well.

Today in West Civ class we took the test. I thought i did well but it turned out i didn't do that well. I will tudy the next time and make sure that i will do well.

Today in West Civ class we took notes.
- The Roman Legion- Their army/cops
- Divided into smaller unites
- 1 legion was 5,000 people
- The main reason people joined it is because they needed to make money
- Group of 80 was called a century, kind of like a phalnax
- Guys on foot were infantry
- Were no woman in roman army
- Guys on horseback were called cavalry
- Many adventures for having horses, moves faster, easier to kill
- Had shields, swords, daggers, armour and tunic
-Sicily was the 1st Punic War
- 2nd= Hannibal attacked Rome
-3rd= Romans attacked Carthage
- When Men left woman took care of everything
- Latitundia- Great estate
- Gracchus were both tribunes, went to senate and said you should not be punished for fighting and war and have our land taken away from us, all they wanted was some of their land back
- Assembly passed a law saying the rich need to give some of their land back
- Then they killed one of the brothers and a civil war started

Today in West Civ class we went over the rubric fro our project. Zack, Matt, and I are cooking cookies or whatever we can make that will be good. We will be working on it during the break and look foward to doing well. We will be looking foward to getting a good grade.

West civ

Etruscans- set up their cities into a grid section. Rome were master road builders, before Romans made these roads it was just dirt beaten down. Made brick roads, they made it for the soldiers so they have a easier pathway to the opponent.  Had people fight each other till the death for entertainment for the people. Distracted people form the down times in their life. Arch helped them to get water into the town.  Colosseum in Rome was used for animals to fight against humans sometimes with armor sometimes not. Flooded the main field of play so they could re act the wars they had on water. Plebians were the lowest and had no power grew food, ran shops, Patricians= bank, hot stuff, lots of money and babes. The senate were Patricians, the wealthy ones, there were 300 senators. 12 tables were basically the first laws written down. It evens the playing field because now they have something to stand by. Plebians found out they had rights and more say than they ever did, Assembly was the Senate for Plebians. If you were elected to the assembly your were called a tribune. Eventually they could veto laws. Democracy regular people assembly. Monarchy were the 2 consuls they had 2 so they could keep an eye on each other. Aristocracy was the senate. If things got really bad like war or crisis they would give 1 person all power called dictator. Only dictator for 6 months just to get you through the crisis. Consusls only had power for a year and they could run again 10 years later.  

The main people in the Punic wars was the Romans and the Carthage. The romans won everytime and took over the Western Mediterrian

Today in West Civ class we got to work on our projets. We are cooking and we researched some stuff to do. We are going to go over Matt's house to cook. Were going to try our stuff first to see if it's good so we don't kill our classmates. Hopefully we will do well on it.

Today in West civ class Mr.Schick told us what to highlight in our textbook.
- The Romans not only imitated Greek civilization but also improved on it, at least so far as government and warefare were concerned
-They arrived in a Mediterranean land with farming resources that were basically similar to those of Greece or Palestine, but able to support a larger population
- In addition, Italy was situated astride the Mediterranean
- The Indo-Europeans settlers formed various tribal groups, among them the Latin people of central Italy
-Some of the Latins settled near the mouth of the Tiber River
- The Etruscans were non-Indo-European immigrants who arrived in Italy from somewhere  to the east about the 9th century
- The greek city-states had begun to plant colonies in SOuthern Italy as early as the eighth century B.C. and these spread northward up the coast almost to the borders of Latium
- It was from these neighbors that the Latins forst learned the alphabet and gained knowledge of the life og Greek city-states
- The king was advised by a council of elders called the Senate, whose memebers he appointed
- Usually, he chose from among the patricians or "men with fathers"- that is, with fathers who already belonged to this hereditary group of leading families
-When a king died, his successors was chosen by the Senate from among its own members, subject to approval by an assembly of all male citizens.
- The assembly's approval however, was automatic, for apart from the king, it was the Senate and the patricians who dominated the city-state
- Around 500 B.C. Rome overthrew its Etruscan rulers, and the monarchy was also abolished
-Forum= Roman Agora
- The result however, was a system of government that was neither a Greek-style democracy nor an oligarchy, but a mixture of both
-Plebeians- means common people
- Everyone who did not belong to patrician famalies, including workers, small farmers, and even quite wealthy citizens
- In the earliest times of the Republic, the "peoples business" was in practice run by the Senate, an assembly of about 300 heads of patrician families
- 2 among the senators functioned as consuls("colleagues"), wielding for a year at a time the military and governament power that had formerly belonged to the kings.
- On the advice of the Senate, could appoint a dictator, with full power to give oders and make laws for a maximum period of 6 months
- Among the chief complaints of the plebeians was that the lacked legal protection
- About 450 B.C., in response to the plebeians demand, the laws of Rome were set down in writing.
- The new code was said to have been engraved on 12 slabs of wood or bronze and mounted in the chief public square, the Forum, for all to see. they were called the "12 tables"
- Served as the foundation for the elaborate system of roman law that grew up in later centuries
- One of the new bodies, in which residents of the city of Rome predominated, won the rihgt to elect consuls subject to confirmation by the Senate. The other, in which farmers from outside the city had a larger say, began electing their own magistrates, called tribunes. The tribunes eventually gained the power to initiate laws in their assembly and veto laws passed by the senate.
-The separation of powers in The U.S. constitution derives ultimately from the checks and balances between different branches of government in the Roman city-state
-The senators set long-range policies and made immediate decisions on pressing matters, appointed and instructed the military leaders of the republic, received foreign ambassadors, and concluded treaties. they supervised finances and investigated high crimes
-By the time of the republic, rome had a special relationship with 3 deities
-These deities were the sky-god Jupiter, whom the Romans believed was the same as the Zeus whom nearby Greek city-states worshiped; his consort, the fertility goddess Juno; and Minerva, goddess of skill and wisdom
- The romans shared other values specifically with Greek city-states. these values included the belief that it was the right and duty of the men of the community to fight its wars, and hence also to share in its government; and the community solidarity that came from the fact that high-born as well as low-born citizens bore the burden of war.
- The women of rome no right or duty to share in politics and government, and that women needed guardians for all legal transactions- "because of their light-mindedness," as the 12 tabels declared
-Instead of devoting his life directly to the city state as in Sparta, a Roman man belonged first of all to a family and a clan. Clans and families, in turn, were held together by fathers- in particular by men who had the status of paterfamilias or "Family father"
-The paterfamilias wielded unlimited power-including the power of life and death- over everyone in his household, as well as over sons and daughters who left his household upon marriage. Only his wife might not be completely subject to him- if she was still subject to the authority of her own father
-Motherhood, too, was revered in Rome. A married woman bore the title of matron in latin matrona or lady mother. Her "Juno" the divine force of fertility and nourishment that she embodied- was worshiped in the houehold alongside her husband's genius. She was supposed to live in subordination to her husband, but through strength of personality and authority with her menfolk, she was also expected to contribute to the community as well as the family. The founding myth of the republic itself told how rome's uprising against its Etruscan king began when a matron, Lucretia, was raped by the king's son and killed herself
- Women were expected to help make sure that men had the qualities they needed to keep the republic strong

Today in West Civ class we took some notes about the rap that Mr.Schick made. He basically got into detail with most of the song. I wrote down a lot of notes but i forgot my notebook in school. Then we went over the test. I did not do so well on it but I promise i will do a lot better on he next.

Today in west civ class Mr.Schick was rapping about rome. He did a great job. Then we talked about our project about rome. We can do it with anyone. I think im gonna do it with J.P. i believe. If i do it with him we will do a great job together.

Today in West Civ class we had kinda of a chill day because we were the only class the met with Mr.Schick today. But we learned about someone new named played Plato. He was a student of Socrates(Mr.Schicks favorite phliosphere) He explained somehting about people being hung to the wall and all the could see their shadows. I kinda dose off after that because i was tired.

Today in West Civ class we took the test. I think i did well on it besides 2 or 3 i was confused on them a littile so i just guessed. I believe i will atleast get a B on it. I studied a little but i did fine i thought it was pretty easy and i only looked at my blog for a few of them. I really hope i did well on this test.

Today in West Civ class we watched the video we watched when Mr.Schick was not here. He explained to us the important parts of the video we already watched. We talked about the Golden Age where Phidepidies ran to warn the others about the persians coming. Then we talked about Darius who is known as the "great king"  Persians 0 Athenians 1. Athenians Rule. They invented the trieme where they would have a narrow top and ram into you and sink your ship. it had 3 rows. Xerxes was Darius's son. He wanted to burn down Greece. Salamis a tiny island off of the west coast of Athens. Xerxes burned all of Athens down and they could see it from Salamis. The greeks tricked the persians and they actually beat them with very little poeple compared to their massive army.

Today in West Civ class we talked about whats gonna be on our test. We talked about Aspasia who was very smart but she slept with all the men. Periclies divorced his wife for her but they never got married. She kinda had rights because she wrote some of Periclies speaches. She helped him out alot The parthenon was basically periclies baby. Then we talked about Isagoris, he is the last of the dictators to run Greece before democracry kicked him out. His son raped a women and got away with it. Then we talked about Cleisthenes who was a hero/warrior. Then we talked about ostracize which means to be cast out or sent away from Athens. They actually ostracized cleisthenes. Then we talked about Xerxes and Darius. They would've been happry if they took over greece because it was annoying them. Darius said lets sail acroos to the greek mainland called marathon they invaded it and thought they could take the Mediterrain. Then we talked abut Pheidippides who was sent to get help and he ran 26 miles to get help. Persians are held off by the Greeks.  Xerxes is the son of Darius and he was king and he wanted to come at Greece with a million men instead of 100,000. The greeks bailed out of athens to an island. The persians just burned everything in site. Then we talked about Periclies, in charge for 30  years, He formed the Delian League, there purpose is to defend greece at all cost. Hubris- your so full of yourself that you think you can't go wrong. Periclies decided to attack sparta. The Greeks surrounded Sparta and put a wall around Athens. Sparta took down the wall and surrounded athens. Then the plague kicked in and started to kill a lot of people. Then the orcale of delphie. This was people who can give good advice.

Today in west civ class we had a chill day. Mr.Schick explained to us that some of our project grades but my group's grade worked in Powerschool. So Zack and i watched some of the March Madness games. Then we watched videos of people almost getting hit buy cars and trains. Today was a great day in west civ

1.                Which of the following is not a characteristic of Greece?

a.                peninsula      b. many islands     c. mountainous                d. mostly fertile land

2.                Approximately ___________ of Greece is covered by mountains.

a.                2/3                  b. 3/4                         c. 1/2                          d. 1/4

3.                Define the term barbarian as it was originally used in the ancient world.

a.     The Greeks first used this term to describe those foreigners that they could not understand, but seemed to be saying "bar bar" when speaking.

b.     A group of people that is able to quickly adapt to the new environment in which they arrive despite speaking a foreign tongue.

c.      A group of people migrating into a territory where they do not speak the native tongue.

d.     A life based upon farming, warfare, and tribal organization.

e.     The word came from the Greek "barbaros," which originally meant "Non-Greek."

4.     What defines a megalithic structure?

a.     Homes that were constructed for people during the Neolithic period

b.     Fortifications constructed for people during the Neolithic period

c.      Massive rough-cut stones used to construct monuments and tombs

d.     Giant dinosaurs whose fossil remains were visible to ancient peoples

e.     Evidence of advanced technological tools

5.     What does the term tribe refer to?

a.      A social and political unit consisting of a group of communities held together by common interests, traditions, and real or mythical ties of kinship

b.      A family-based group governed by a hereditary chieftain

c.       A clan-based group prior to the advent of city-states in the Greek world

d.      A group of warriors, related by blood, who are governed by a king or queen

e.      All of these

6.                Tribes were governed by

a.                Warrior kings or queens                                        d.  all of these

b.                Chieftains                                                                  e.  none of these

c.                Tribal leaders chosen by warriors

7.                Who were the first European barbarians to make contact with civilization?

a.                Greeks                                                                       d.  Phoenicians

b.                Hittites                                                                      e.  people of Asian Minor

c.                Celts

8.                Which of the following modern-day countries would NOT be considered a member of “Western civilization”?

a.                Greece                                                                        d.  Italy

b.                England                                                                     e.  United States

c.                China

9.                What is the name of the sea located just west of the Greek mainland?

a.                Mediterranean Sea                                                  d.  Ionian Sea

b.                Aegean Sea                                                                e.  Chesapeake Bay

c.                Atlantic Ocean

10.             What is the name of the sea located just east of the Greek mainland?

a.                Mediterranean Sea                                                  d.  Ionian Sea

b.                Aegean Sea                                                                e.  Chesapeake Bay

c.                Atlantic Ocean

11.             What were the major crops the Aegean people lived on?

a.                Rice, vines, and olives

b.                Potatoes, vines, and olives

c.                Grain, vines, and olives

d.                Onions, wheat, and beer

e.                Corn, wheat, and rice

12.             Which civilization arose on the island of Crete?

a.                Mycenaean                                                                d.  Persian

b.                Minoan                                                                      e.  Phoenician

c.                Spartan

13.             Which civilization established settlements along the Greek mainland’s southern shore and on some islands?

a.                Mycenaean                                                                d.  Persian

b.                Minoan                                                                      e.  Phoenician

c.                Spartan 

14.             Which civilization built massive walls to protect themselves from attack?

a.                Mycenaean                                                                d.  Persian

b.                Minoan                                                                      e.  Phoenician

c.                Spartan

15.             A period of Greek history in which the population dropped, ships no longer sailed, and writing fell out of use, is called the

a.                First Persian War                                                    d.  Dark Ages

b.                Megalithic Destruction                                          e.  none of these

c.                Collapse of Crete

16.             Following this time period, the Greeks joined which group as the leading commercial and seafaring nation of the Mediterranean?

a.                Etruscans                                                                  d.  Persians

b.                Egyptians                                                                   e.  Phoenicians

c.                Hittites

17.             In historical writing, the letter “c” might appear before a date, as in “c. 1500 BC.”  What does this “c” mean?

a.                around                                                                       d.  all of these

b.                about                                                                          e.  none of these

c.                circa

18.             By 600 BC, Greek city-states dotted the coastlines around the Mediterranean Sea.  These were called

a.                colonies                                                                     d.  hoplites

b.                demos                                                                                    e.  megaliths

c.                Starbucks

19.             Although they varied in size, ancient Greek city-states most closely resembled what modern-day geographical feature?

a.                cities                                                                           d.  nations

b.                counties                                                                     e.  continents

c.                states

20.              This is a form of government in which a small group of citizens dominated, and the power of the majority was limited in various ways.

a.                democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy

b.                monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny

21.             This is a form of government in which decisions were made by the majority of adult male citizens.

a.                democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy

b.                monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny 

22.             This is a form of government in which a self-proclaimed dictator held power.

a.                democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy

b.                monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny

23.             This is a form of government in which power is held by a single ruler, and is often passed along from father to son.

a.                democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy

b.                monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny

24.             Spartans used this government system.

a.                democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy

b.                monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny

25.             At what age did Spartan males begin their military training?

a.                seven                                                                          d.  eighteen

b.                twelve                                                                                    e.  twenty-one

c.                fifteen

26.             What was the wealthiest city-state in the ancient Greek world?

a.                Athens                                                                       d.  Sparta

b.                Thebes                                                                       e.  Argos

c.                Corinth

27.             This was the high fortified citadel and religious center of an ancient Greek town.

a.                Parthenon                                                                 d.  helos

b.                Pantheon                                                                  e.  polites

c.                acropolis

28.             This was the name of the southern peninsula where Sparta was located.

a.                Anatolia                                                                     d.  Stonehenge

b.                Mt. Olympus                                                             e.  Peloponnesus

c.                Crete

29.             These were massive fighting ships with three banks of oars, used to ram or board enemy ships.

a.                phalanxes                                                                  d.  biremes

b.                hoplites                                                                      e.  triremes

c.                tyrants

30.             This was a heavily armed and armored citizen-soldier of ancient Greece.

a.                phalanx                                                                      d.  bireme

b.                hoplite                                                                       e.  trireme

c.                tyrant

  

Short answer.    

1.                You recall the time period when the Greek population dropped, ships no longer sailed, and writing fell out of use.  What years did this period begin and end? -1200 b.c. Lasted for about 400 years

2.                During the time period when writing fell out of use, the poet Homer is said to have told stories of the Trojan War, and of a war hero attempting to return to his home.  What are the titles of these two stories? The illiad and the Odyssey

3.                The word “Mediterranean” originally meant center of the earth, greeks believed the sea was the center of the earth because they survived off of it _____________________ .

4.                What were prominent and long-established Athenian land-owners called? Aristocrats